Man was born free but is everywhere in chains. Discuss this phrase, Essay

Man was born free but is everywhere in chains. Discuss this phrase, with reference to key course concepts - Essay Example Human beings also enters into social bonds, develop civilization and this makes them lose liberty (Chaurasia 2001, p. 308) Fromm (2001, p. 18-29) observes that freedom is what characterizes human existence. It changes as man gains awareness as an independent and separate being. Mans’ social history has its beginning from the interaction with nature to awareness as a separate entity from the surrounding nature and other human beings. The individual continued to be closely tied to the social and the natural world. Man also felt the world surrounding him. The processes of the emergence of the individual from nature and social world reached its peak in the modern era in the centuries between the reformation and the present. Fromm likens this to the same process, which is found in the history of man. Before a child is born, it is one with the mother. The child becomes a separate entity from the biological mother after birth. This separation marks the beginning of individuation. The child remains with the mother for only a considerable period. Fromm states figuratively that a child lacks freedom before it is born. However, the tie with the mother provides security and a feeling of belonging to the child. This is what he refers to primary ties. These ties are organic and constitute part and parcel of human development. The ties imply lack of individuality, but they provide an individual with security and orientation. The primary ties connect the individual with the mother and society in general. Once an individual completes his first stage of individuation, he is faced with a new task. This task is to orient and establish himself in the world and look for security in other ways similar to those before the pre-individualistic existence. This makes freedom to assume a different meaning to the one he had before individuation (Fromm 2001, p. 18-29). Fromm explains this by the analysis of the development of an infant. He says the independence of the foetus from the infants ends at birth. However, the dependence does not end here. The mother takes care of the child. With time, the child begins to identify that the mother and other entities are separate. The child through its own initiatives experiences the world. This marks a crucial point in the development of individuation. The process of individuation is advanced by education. This process is marked by frustrations and prohibition, which change the role of the mother as a hostile and dangerous person. This antagonism between the mother and child helps in the development of the self. The different authorities the child interacts with constitute the child’s universe and submit to the child. This has a different quality from that which exists when an individual separate complete from these authorities (Fromm 2001, p. 18-29). The freedom of a child during childhood enables him to develop and express his identity. This gives him security and reassurance. The increasing separation from thes e authorities results into isolation, which creates intense anxiety and insecurity. The child may develop the inner strength or a new kind of solidarity and closeness with others. If the process of separation and individuation are matched with the growth of the

The Color Purple Essay Example for Free

The Color Purple Essay A symbol of freedom and liberty, individuality yet togetherness; the American Flag has presented an image of America for decades. Ever since Francis Scott Key wrote his poem about the â€Å"broad stripes and bright stars,† the United States of America has been marked with this simple, yet lucid icon of peace and sovereignty. Symbolism in literature plays a bigger part, one that relates an object or ideology to stress a connection to a more discrete or unclear picture. Alice Walker, a novelist, utilizes many symbols to depict the struggle of young African American women to find and rid themselves from captivity. Through many images, Walker allows for recognition between specific symbolic portrayals and the main ideas of the novel. In her novel, The Color Purple, Alice Walker uses symbolism to express the transformation of oppressed women in a segregated society from total constraint to self-empowerment and newfound identities. Through the neglected character of Celie, Walker depicts a reconstruction from weakness to authoritative behavior using symbolism. Because she is a woman, Celie is very under-appreciated and not expected to become anything substantial in society. At the beginning of the novel, Celie allows this image of being a â€Å"mule† to control her life. She describes how she is â€Å"another piece of wood†(30) to numb herself from the painful life she lives. However, later in the novel, Shug Avery, a singer whom Celie becomes very close with, tells her to live with freedom and independence, as well as love and passion. Eventually, this guidance turns her to sewing, a symbol introduced to describe Celie’s sense of pride, accomplishment, and individuality. When Mr. ________, Celie’s husband, comes to visit her while she is sewing, he asks â€Å"what was so special bout [her] pants†(276). She says that â€Å"anybody can wear them†(276), except Mr. ________ replies that â€Å"men suppose to wear the pants†(276). New to her personality, Celie snaps back and says, â€Å"So†(276)? Before her newfound identity, Celie would have never talked back to Mr. ______, now called Albert, because s he would have been abused. She has come to the realization that she is not one that needs to back down to â€Å"hierarchy† because of race and gender. Through this journey toward self-actualization, Celie distinguishes a personality with voice and freedom, thus, much different from her past, imprisoned lifestyle. Similarly to the path of Celie, Squeak, an abused character in the novel, learns that she needs to act upon her uncle’s sexually abusive behavior. The reader changes his/her perception of Squeak when she begins to sing, an activity symbolizing power and voice. Her lover, Harpo, discusses her distinct path to reaching this feeling of self-confidence by stating that â€Å"[Squeak] sit in the corner a year silent as the grave. Then you put a record on, [she] come to life†(100). She develops voice, a characteristic most women lack during this time period. Like Celie’s use of sewing, Squeak’s utilization of singing gives the reader a new depiction of character. These specific representations correspond to each individual’s journey to break free from the wrath of these men, and live a life of confidence and fortitude. Furthermore, Walker not only presents symbols as a way to interpret transformations, but also to display identity, specifically in the characters of Celie, Squeak, and Shug. Color, thus, is one symbol that is explained to fully develop ones sense of selfhood. At the beginning of the novel, Celie shops for clothing, and while shopping she â€Å"think what color Shug Avery would wear†(22). Celie looks for the bright colors, the reds and the purples, however is shut down and forced to buy a color that she may not particularly enjoy in the long run (22). Her sense of entitlement seems to be tarnished and her lack of individuality is clearly portrayed. However, Shug â€Å"wears a skintight red dress†(54) reflecting her strong personality and extreme sense of independence. When Celie begins her transition to freedom, she learns about the importance of color. She returns from her visit in Memphis wearing â€Å"little red flat-heel slippers† (220), displaying a sense of uniqueness and individuality that is newly portrayed to the reader. In addition to color, Walker uses names in the novel to symbolize the identity of characters. Moreover, Squeak is given this nickname during the novel, proving how insignificant women’s voice is throughout the story. Celie tells her to make people call her by her real name, however, she doesn’t seem to understand because she is so used to not talking back to the male figures in society and telling them what to do (86). It is evident that she lacks self empowerment; a specific sense of power. Later, she is raped by Harpo, pushing her over the edge. She forces him to call her by her real name, Mary Anges, which symbolizes a feeling of power and authority. Another name that is introduced throughout the novel, is God. Celie writes her letters to God in a very personal way, as though God is a man, a white man reading her every word, yet not concerned with her prayers. Shug talks to Celie and displays her feeling of God by saying that â€Å"[She] believe God is everything†¦Everything that is or ever was or ever will be. And when you can feel that, and be happy to feel that, you’ve found it†(197). Due to Shug’s ability to guide and lead Celie down the correct path, Celie learns to believe that God is not a figure or a man, but yet an essence, a feeling; he is everywhere. She begins to write her letters not only to God, but also to the stars and the trees and the sky, depicting that God is in everything and in everyone. This sensation, passed on by the guidance of Shug, proves that she has moved in a direction of knowledge and passion, toward self-actualization. In the novel, The Color Purple, Alice Walker uses the characters of Celie, Squeak, and Shug to display the common themes of transformation and new identity through the literary device of symbolism. Symbolism in literature acts as a depiction of a broad topic; it is a useful tool to help display a wide range of ideas or beliefs. Walker forces the reader to understand that the symbols she uses do not just represent one idea or one focus, but many themes such as the development into a new person, the transition to gain a new identity. These symbols help portray a sense of individuality and power, just as the American Flag does for the citizens of the United States of America. Its powerful image gives way to the greater idea it presents: liberty and entitlement.

Normal Flora and their Benefits

Normal Flora and their Benefits Normal Flora and their benefit The normal flora is a bacteria found in or on ones bodies on a temporary basis without causing disease. In that respect are larger numbers of bacteria than cells present in ones body. The human body contains around 1013 cells, whereas the human physical structure is home to around 1014 bacteria. One-fourth of fecal weight consists of bacteria. They mainly inhabit the Large Intestine. They are likewise set up in the respiratory tract, particularly the nose, the Digestive tract, i.e., in the oral cavity and the terminal ileum and also in the Urinary tract. Discussion The normal flora of humans are extremely composite and comprises of more than 200 species of bacteria. The physical composition of a typical plant life gets influenced by several agents, including genetics, age, sex, strain, nutrition and diet of the mortal. The normal flora of the digestive tract The stomach contains fewer bacteria due to its high acidity nature. However, there are some bacteria that survive there like the Helicobacter Pylori whose human interaction got discovered in the 1980s and that is currently proving to be the cause of most cases of gastritis and peptic ulcers. Likewise, the small intestine contains small numbers of Streptococci, Lactobacilli, and yeasts, particularly Candida Albicans. Nevertheless, bigger numbers of these bacteria are found in the lower parts of the ileum, which is a section of the small intestine before the large intestine. The colon is the main site for bacteria in the body. Several bacteria like Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Coliforms (e.g. E. coli), Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Clostridium reside in the large intestine. Approximately twenty percent of the faeces of an ordinary person consist of bacteria, most of which have come from the colon. The respiratory Tracts Normal Flora. A large number of bacterial species inhabit the upper respiratory tract since it lacks ciliated epithelium that is an efficient cleansing action. For example, the nostrils are always heavily colonized, with Staphylococcus epidermis. The Microbe of the Skin Man’s epidermis is not a fertile region for microorganisms to inhabit since the surface is comparatively dry and somewhat acidic. It, therefore, impede the development of many microbes but, however, inhabited by few that have adjusted to the skin. An example is the Propionibacterium acne and the Staphylococcus epidermidis. The Nostrils Normal Flora. Organisms’ nostrils are a habitat to the Gram-positive pathogens as Staphylococcus aureus. The Microorganism is recognised well for its duty in health centres in which it is the primary causal agent of systemic infection and surgical injury. Thither are many dissimilar types of kinship that the body can induce with the normal flora. These are: Mutualism. In this type of relationship, both the Microbe, and the host benefit from the relationship. For instance, the E. Coli. These organisms reside in the intestines, where they get nourishment, and in turn produce Vitamin K, that the human body requires for the cognitive operation of the blood coagulation. In essence, as the Microbe acquires a stable contribution of nutrients, stable environment, protection and interest, the host also obtains individual nutritional and digestive gains as well as the development and natural action of the immune system which protects it against the pathogenic infection by the microbes. Commensalism. Commensalism refers to a kind of kinship in which one collaborator of the association benefits, while the other collaborator neither benefits nor get harmed. Parasitism. This kind of relationship is one in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other. However, mostly, the Microorganism benefits at the cost of the ringmaster. For instance, an external parasite is said to cause infestation while an internal parasite is said to cause infection to the host. Pathogenic. This sort of relationship is one in which the microorganism causes destruction to the ringmaster during infection. An Opportunistic Pathogen causes an infection in the host that is physically impaired or debilitated. Mostly, the opportunist organism is harmless; however, it takes advantage when the hosts defenses are impaired, for example, when the immune system is being suppressed by drug treatment or other illnesses. Characteristics of the Normal Flora The Normal flora exhibit certain characteristics. These are: Not disease-inducing: They normal flora are also known as Microbiota and are not typical disease causing micro-organisms found in and on healthy individuals. Very abundant: The normal flora are extremely abundant in terms of sheer numbers. For instance, an ordinary human has approximately 1013 body cells and 1014 individual normal flora. All found externally: Normal flora are found more often than not on the skin, eyes, nose, oral fissure as well as on the throat and lower parts of the urethra and the large intestine Benefits of the Normal Flora There is an increased ability of the host to nourish itself since the bacteria Produce vitamins that the human body is ineffective to give forth like vitamin B12 and vitamin K. They help digest food as they break down foodstuffs that are normally indigestible by the host into forms that are easily digestible by the hosts. The Normal flora protects the host against infection by pathogenic organisms. similarly, this takes place as the normal flora out-competes the invader for available nutrients, therefore, starving the invader and preventing it from reproducing. Likewise, the normal flora may pre-occupy the favorable ecological niches for bacteria, e.g. the intestinal villi, so confronting the invading pathogen with the trouble of getting somewhere to anchor itself. Similarly, certain members of the normal flora produce anti-bacterial chemicals as a side product of their metabolism, therefore, taking a local antibiotic effect which hinders the invader. The Normal flora helps in hiking up ones immune system. The germ-free animals given birth to and brought up in a germ free environment are very susceptible to disease when transferred from the germ free environment since their immune system is still underdeveloped. Therefore, the presence of the Normal flora helps in protecting the human body from highly pathogenic organisms. They synthesizes and excrete vitamins in surplus of their individual wants, which are useful to the host and which can be taken in as nutrients. For instance, in humans body, enteric microorganisms produce and discharge Vitamin K and B12 whereas lactic acid microorganisms release vitamin B that are mostly utilized by the host as nutrients. The microbes as well harbor colonization by microorganisms by contending for attachment places as well as for the essential nutrients. Consequently, this is considered their most significant profitable effect, that presents itself in the mouth, the bowel, the epidermis as well as in the vaginal epithelial tissues. The Microbes induces the production of natural antibodies and thus contribute to the immunity in the human body. likewise by stimulating low levels of circulating and secretory antibodies, they enhance the bodies immunity. It may also counteract other microorganisms through the output of substances that stamp down and bottle up non-endemic classifications. The intestinal microorganisms fabricate a diversity of materials ranging from non-distinct fatty acids to distinct bacteriocins, that stamp and kill other microorganisms. The microorganisms induce the growth of particular body tissues which include the individual lymphatic tissues and the caecum within the GI region.The caecum of bacterium-free organisms is thin walled, filled with fluids a well as enlarged in size in comparison to the ones in standard animals. Likewise, found upon the capacity to withstand immunological stimulation, the enteric lymphatic materials of the Conventional animals are highly developed as compared to those of the germ-free animals. They stimulate an immunological response, in particular, an antibody-mediated immune response as they act as antigens in the human body. Low volumes of antibodies brought forth against the constituents of the microbes are acknowledged to respond with particular related microorganisms, and thus preventing infection as well as invasion of the human body. The antibodies fabricated against the antigen ingredients of the microbes are at times known as inborn antibodies, and which lack in bacterium-free organisms. Intestinal human flora carry out a diverseness of all-important metabolic reactions that give rise to various compounds. The compounds include vitamins B12 and K and gas. Conclusion The Normal Flora as well has limitations to the human body. For instance, Most flora are pathogens and; therefore, they may be agents of diseases. Similarly, if they gain access to certain issues, they may cause infections as well as destruction. Likewise, the Microbe may absorb some of the hosts’ nutrients due to competition, leading to the development of bacterial antibiotic resistance in humans. Works Cited Bitton G., and Marshall KC: Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces. John Wiley Sons, New York, 1980 . English MP,. Microbes, Man, and Animals: The Natural History of Microbial Interactions. New York: Wiley. 1982. Print Hillman JD., Genetically modified Streptococcus mutans for the prevention of dental caries. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek .2002 Postgate JR. Microbes and Man. Oxford, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2000. Draser BS., and Hill MJ: Human Intestinal Flora. Academic Press, London, 1974. Relman DA, and Falkow S. The meaning and impact of the human genome sequence for microbiology. Trends Microbiol. 2001. Salyers AA., and Whitt DD. Microbiology: Diversity, Disease and the Environment. Bethesda Maryland: Fitzgerald Science Press. 2000. Staley JT., and Reysenbach AL. Biodiversity of Microbial Life: Foundation of Earth’s Biosphere. New York: Wiley. 2002. Print

Concert Life Essay -- essays research papers

We were the metal, Ericson stadium the magnet. With the burning heat reaching down to scold our pale defenceless faces we began walking impatiently at a pressing pace towards the stadium. The stadium projected a hum of activity and instrumental sound, which was deafening the ear, already! . We clutched our tickets tightly as though they contained the final ingredient to the cure of cancer.Rapidly consuming energy drinks which were to provide us with the weaponry energy to battle a physically and mentally tiring day of dancing and trancing to magical beats and vocals .We swarmed with countless other bees to the gate of the hive .The excitement at this point was unmeasurable, indescribable, undefinable .We entered mesmerised, it would have been mentally impossible to take in what surrounded me at once, frozen with shock my eyes flickerd as though malfunctioning, enjoying fragments of what there was to see. There were t shirt sales, pricing stands, EFTPOS machines , people , autograph signing booths , people , stages and people , tents and people , rides , skateboard ramps and more people. With no knowledge of direction I journeyed into close proximity of the main stage where Australian band 'Regurgatator' encouraged thousands of rocking heads. We ventured through the crowd to destination unknown with our path being dictated by others equally as lost.In time I gathered my senses and began to absorb the surroundings the best I could. I obtained the timetable of acts, which edu...

Coagulation and Flocculation Essay

1.0 Introduction In this lab, we are conducting two experiments on natural surface water. The first experiment is to conduct jar tests to estimate an optimum dosage of iron salt to remove suspended solids. The seconds experiment is to observe the rate of floc formation nad sedimentation. 2.0 Background Coagulation and Flocculation: Coagulation and flocculation are important part in water and wastewater treatment. Coagulation is the destabilization of particulate matter by physical or chemical processes. Flocculation is the formation of larger particles that will settle out of the solution. They are usually the first form of treatment of water and wastewater to remove suspended matter or color. Jar tests are used as a control test for plant operations. Aluminum or iron salts can be used to for coagulation of particles and to form flocs that can settle out. Coagulation and flocculation tests provide the optimum dosages to remove turbidity and color, along with secondary effects such as adjusting pH. Jar tests also provide information on the amount of energy needed to provide the coagulation and flocculation treatments, as well as settleability of the flocs, and clarity of the water. They can also be used to study basic processes, for instance, kinetics of reactions and removal of constituents. 3.0 Procedure Determination of Optimum Coagulant Dosage To determine the optimum coagulation dosage, a series of jar tests were conducted. First, 400 mL of clay and sodium bicarbonate amended DI water was measured and poured into a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask using a graduated cylinder. The initial pH of that sample was then measured and recorded. The predetermined dose of coagulant was poured into a 100mL graduated cylinder and DI water was added to reach a total solution volume of 100 mL. A stir bar was added to the Erlenmeyer flask along with the coagulant dose. The flask was then placed on a magnetic stir plate was rapidly mixed for one minute. After a minute of rapid mixing, the speed was reduced to low and the solution underwent slow mixing for ten minutes. The flask was then removed from the magnetic plate and was allowed to settle. Samples were extracted from the top of the flask after five, ten, and fifteen minutes had elapsed using a 10 mL sampling syringe. Special care was taken to not disturb the sediment while sampling. The sample was transferred from the syringe to a vile, shaken, and placed in a Turbidimeter to determine the turbidity. The turbidity was recorded and the vile was emptied and rinsed between each sample. After fifteen minutes had elapsed and the last turbidity reading had been recorded, the pH of the sample was measured and recorded. The sample was then dumped into a specified waste container, the flask was rinsed with tap water and DI water, and the entire experiment was repeated using a new specified coagulant dose. 4.0 Results and Discussion After plotting turbidity against dosage from our results, we found that the optimum dosage of coagulant to be 1000 mg/L Fe2O3 as shown in Figure 1. Also, longer settling times produced lower levels of turbidity, with 15 minutes being most successful. Optimum pH for a coagulant is determined empirically from laboratory testing by keeping dosage constant and testing a pH range for optimal coagulation. Generally after adding Fe2O3, final pH decreased. Although we did not perform this in the lab, our samples had best success with a pH around 6.5 as seen in Table 1. Mixing speed is also important in coagulation and flocculation. Initially â€Å"flash mixing† is used, where high mixing speeds disperse the coagulant evenly throughout the container. Later, slower mixing speeds are used to promote particle collisions, which lead to larger floc formations. The lab is performed this way because higher speeds will help disperse the coagulant but will break up the flocs that form. By reducing the speed to slow after one minute, it allows for an even dispersion but also the formation of flocs.

Display a TopMost System Modal Message Box With Delphi

Display a TopMost System Modal Message Box With Delphi With desktop (Windows) applications, a message (dialog) box is used to alert the user of the application that some action needs to be taken, that some operation was completed or, in general, to get users attention. In Delphi, there are several ways of displaying a message to the user. You can either use any of the ready-made message displaying routines provided in the RTL, like  ShowMessage or InputBox; or you can create your own dialog box (for reuse): CreateMessageDialog. A common problem with all the above dialog boxes is that they require the application to be active to be displayed to the user. Active refers to when your application has the input focus. If you really want to grab the users attention and stop them from doing anything else, you need to be able to display a system-modal topmost message box even when your application is not active. System-Modal Top Most Message Box Even though this might sound complicated, in actuality it really is not. Since Delphi can easily access most of the Windows API calls, executing the MessageBox Windows API function will do the trick. Defined in the windows.pas unit the one included by default in the uses clause of every Delphi form, the MessageBox function creates, displays, and operates a message box. The message box contains an application-defined message and title, along with any combination of predefined icons and push buttons. Heres how the MessageBox is declared: function MessageBox(  Ã‚  hWnd: HWND;  Ã‚  lpText,  Ã‚  lpCaption : PAnsiChar;  Ã‚  uType : Cardinal) : integer; The first parameter, hwnd, is the handle of the owner window of the message box to be created. if you create a message box while a dialog box is present, use a handle to the dialog box as the hWnd parameter. The lpText and lpCaption specify the caption and the message text that is displayed in the message box. Last is the uType parameter  and is the most interesting. This parameter specifies the contents and behavior of the dialog box. This parameter can be a combination of various flags. Example: System Modal Warning Box When the System Date/Time Changes Lets take a look at an example of creating a system modal topmost message box. Youll  handle the Windows message that is dispatched to all the running applications when the system date/time changes- for example using the Date and Time Properties Control Panel applet. The MessageBox function will be called as:   Ã‚  Windows.MessageBox(   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  handle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a system modal message#13#10from an inactive application,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A message from an inactive application!,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MB_SYSTEMMODAL or MB_SETFOREGROUND or MB_TOPMOST or MB_ICONHAND) ; The most important piece is the last parameter. The MB_SYSTEMMODAL or MB_SETFOREGROUND or MB_TOPMOST ensures the message box is system modal, top most and becomes the foreground window. MB_SYSTEMMODAL flag ensures that the user must respond to the message box before continuing work in the window identified by the hWnd parameter.MB_TOPMOST flag specifies that the message box should be placed above all non-topmost windows and should stay above them, even when the window is deactivated.MB_SETFOREGROUND flag ensures that the message box becomes the foreground window. Here is the full example code (TForm named Form1 defined in unit unit1): unit Unit1;interface ​ uses   Ã‚  Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes,   Ã‚  Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, ExtCtrls; type   Ã‚  TForm1 class(TForm)  Ã‚  private   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  procedure WMTimeChange(var Msg: TMessage) ; message WM_TIMECHANGE;  Ã‚  public   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  { Public declarations }   Ã‚  end;var   Ã‚  Form1: TForm1; implementation{$R *.dfm} procedure TForm1.WMTimeChange(var Msg: TMessage) ;begin   Ã‚  Windows.MessageBox(   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  handle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a system modal message#13#10from an inactive application,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A message from an inactive application!,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MB_SYSTEMMODAL or MB_SETFOREGROUND or MB_TOPMOST or MB_ICONHAND) ;end;end. Try running this simple application. Make sure the application is minimized or at least that some other application is active. Run the Date and Time Properties Control Panel applet and change the system time. As soon as you hit the Ok button (on the applet) the system modal topmost message box from your inactive application will be displayed.