An Online Degree This Coming Summer Essay Example

An Online Degree This Coming Summer Essay Example An Online Degree This Coming Summer Essay An Online Degree This Coming Summer Essay The summer months are generally a season reserved for relaxation, family trips, and perhaps the pursuit of a warm weather hobby that we have more time to enjoy. But for others, the summer months are a time in which more significant goals can be met – especially when the days are longer, and people have more energy to set out plans that can be met without the pressure of the holidays and dreaded winter blahs. For those seeking to pursue educational goals, the summer offers a perfect time to begin the pursuit of an online degree. With no need for travel, no requirement to sit in class, and the only resources needed a computer and the assigned books, students find that an online degree can be worked towards steadily during the summer when there is more time to spare. In fact, with laptop computers an ever popular possession, students are literally able to work from anywhere – logging on from the beach, from a family vacation spot, or simply from their backyard where they can they can work diligently and still enjoy the warm weather with their family and friends. The pursuit of an online degree differs from traditional degrees only in location. Online degree programs generally adhere to the same syllabus as traditional classes; the only difference is that students logon to complete assignments, required reading, and even to take tests. Many will find that the flexibility offered through online degree programs allows to them to work more productively as they are working during time periods that are most convenient for them rather than trying to fit school into an already busy schedule. Further, the summer marks the perfect time to begin the process of earning an online degree as students can take just one or two classes rather than feel it necessary to load up on classes. With online degree programs students can have their cake and eat it too – school and the warm days of summer.

Offer and Acceptance Contract Law Essays

Offer and Acceptance Contract Law Essays Offer and Acceptance Contract Law Essay Offer and Acceptance Contract Law Essay The first element that must be looked into in order to advice the legal positions of Celia and her potential buyers is the character of the advertisement. It has to be distinguished between an advertisement which constitutes an offer or an invitation to treat. An advertisement may be considered an offer if it is clear, precise, definite and leaves nothing open for negotiation. This was established by Leftkowitz v Great Minneapolis Surplus Store involving a case of the sale of two mink scarves and a stole. The phrase â€Å" ? 0,000 for the lot, no offers† could be an element of an offer, indicating that price is not negotiable. It can also be interpreted in such that the bags are sold in a lot therefore, a customer cannot request for a particular bag. As such, this arrangement satisfies the characteristics of an offer. That being said, a customer either accepts the offer or refrain from the entire transaction itself. However, the court should not disregard the possibility that the advertisement may only tantamount to an invitation to treat. The precedent whereby advertisements are considered an invitation to treat was established following the case of Partridge v Crittenden. If Celia’s advertisement was an offer, she would be contractually obliged to sell her goods to every customer even if there is no continuity of stock. Hence, she is liable for breach of contract if there were more acceptances than she can satisfy as only 5 handbags are up for sale. Furthermore, the advertisement does not include further details on the bags and leaves room for negotiation. It states that it is suitable for all tastes and occasion. However, Celia cannot assume her customer’s preferences in terms of colour, manufactured material, strap length and so on. It could be that the advertisement is merely an invitation to treat. Having said that, it is important to bear in mind the factors which sets an offer apart from invitation to treat. When an offer is accepted, a binding agreement immediately exists between an offeror and an offeree. Invitation to treat on the other hand is purely a negotiation to treat and offerors are not bound by legal laws if accepted. Communication of acceptance has to be demonstrated when an offeree’s intention is to accept an offer. It can be in the form of writing, conduct (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. ) or speech. It is of utmost importance to know that acceptance through silence is not permissible in forming a contract, as established by Felthouse v Bindley. Baljit had evidently showed her intentions in purchasing the goods through writing. She posted a letter of acceptance, complying with the stated price without negotiating for further discounts. This could possibly mean that a binding agreement now exists. After all, the advertisement did state â€Å"? 10, 000 for the lot, no offers. † However, not all forms of communication of acceptance could result in a legal binding agreement to exist. Suppose a counter-offer is introduced, the original offer is instantly terminated as established by Hyde v Wrench. In this case, the court should consider if Baljit’s enquiry could give rise to an issue of a counter-offer. However, It could be that the advertisement had inadequate details on methods of payment. Hence Baljit was merely clarifying terms. Clarification of terms on the other hand does not constitute a counter-offer. If so, it could be that Baljit’s acceptance was legit. The element at which the court must now look at is the prescribed mode of acceptance. In legal terms, the mode of acceptance must be adhered to and acceptance is valid upon the stated mode. However, It is held that if the offeree does not adhere to the prescribed mode of acceptance, they cannot be liable for breach of contract unless it is stated that it is the one and only mode. That being, compulsory. This was established by Yates Building v Pulleyn. Looking back at Celia’s case, the prescribed mode of acceptance was through email. However, attached under contact details included phone number and postal address, besides obviously, her email address. With this information, it is not logical to immediately terminate an offer if acceptance is not made through email. Otherwise, why would Celia have posted her postal address? This gives an impression that acceptance through email is not compulsory. Baljit’s choice of acceptance was through post. In line with this, the postal rule states that acceptance by mail is valid on posting. So far as the postal address and postage is included, there is no reason for failure of acceptance. This was established by Adams v Lindsell. As the postal rule applies, Baljit’s acceptance can be deemed successful as her letter was still posted within the timeframe stipulated and can be qualified as a qualified customer. The postal rule does not apply to emailing. The principle of this precedent was initiated from the case of Entores v Miles Far East Corporation. This is held that acceptance through instantaneous mode of communication is only effective once it has been received. It follows that Samantha has complied with the prescribed mode of acceptance. However, when the issue of emailing as a form of acceptance arises, it forms many complications. It is questionable if it can be deemed ‘instantaneous mode of acceptance’ as it may take hours to arrive depending on the route, server and internet provider. Hence when dealing with a business, the seller should state details in terms of the estimated time the email should be received. Upon receiving, only then is the acceptance successful. It is only right that the court look into the specific details of the sent email. If evidence can be shown that the email was sent early in the morning or at least within working hours, Celia may be at fault for not checking her inbox earlier. In this case, the court may be in favour of Samantha. Celia is only prepared to sell her goods to one customer and that may be Baljit. Having verified every case with legal terms, it could be that the goods are successfully sold to Baljit. REFERENCES

Leadership and Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership and Management - Research Paper Example Whenever the organization needs a strategic direction for specific objectives to achieve, leaders need to take command of the situation. Leaders set broad objectives, and guide its entire staff through the critical issues while a manager attempts to accomplish short-term tasks for all immediate objectives of the organization. It is necessary to have effective leaders as well as managers for spearheading growth of an organization. Leader plays a critical role when an organization needs a long-term strategic direction in order to survive and grow as forced by the immediate environment needs. While the leader guides through a specific objectives to fulfill, managers need to execute daily plan and take a follower role along with the leader to ascertain that organization treads on the planned path and makes necessary corrective action to achieve the broad objectives as ascertained by the organization. At department level, the manager focuses on the command and control functions such as planning, communicating, executing, or evaluating the various tasks. The leader attempts to identify the needs and opportunities and create an environment in which people can support each other. In short, all roles are important for any organization to achieve success in the market

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Leadership - Essay Example It further assumed that leadership traits are intrinsic rather than extrinsic which, simply stated, means that great leaders are born rather made. This was a very traditional view and has come a long way since its inception (Cherry, 2012). The second in line was the Trait Theory which was used from the 1930’s to 1940’s. This emphasized that great leaders whether born or made should have certain qualities and traits like creativity, intelligence, responsibility and other related values. This model focused entirely on the analysis of the mental, physical and social characteristics to help understand what combinations are found among great leaders. Nonetheless, it was concluded that traits are not solely responsible for the success of a leader. Hence, the Behavioral Theory emerged in the 1950’s (Cherry, 2012). This theory emphasized the behaviors of a great leader to help realize a common behavior necessary to be a great leader. It defined that a great leader would either be concerned with the task at hand or with the people under him. The Contingency Theory of 1960’s argued that to truly understand the leadership potential different situations have to be analyzed. This means that under certain conditions some leaders perform well while in other conditions they might do poorly. Therefore, the leadership potential is contingent on the situation in which the leader is placed. The 1970’s saw the rise of Transactional Leadership Theories, whose foundation was based on the mutual benefit that both the leader and the follower derive from the overall leadership experience (N.A., Leadership Theories, 2012). This transaction between the two should have some sort of reinforcement to ensure that positive outcomes are reiterated while the negative behaviors are subdued. The most recent Leadership Theory to have surfaced is mostly referred to by the professionals as the Transformational Leadership Theory. The essence of this theory is to esta blish a strong relationship between the leader and the follower through interaction to help build up trust. The direct results are seen in the form of increased motivation for both the leaders and the followers. The leaders exercise their charismatic personalities and persuasive nature to influence those around them. The use of flexible regulations ensures the followers feel a sense of belonging and can relate to the leader and its purpose in achieving the goals. (N.A., Leadership Theories, 2012) The most relevant theory at present times is the Transformational Theory. This theory was initially introduced by the leadership expert James MacGregor Burns, who said such a leadership can be witnessed when â€Å"leaders and followers make each other to advance to a higher level of moral and motivation.† (Cherry, Transformational Leadership, 2012) Such leaders exhibit strong vision and personality to motivate their followers and pursue a common goal. A transformational leader is ori ented toward long-term goals and focuses on the development of new

Should Canada, North America, and Central America form an American Essay

Should Canada, North America, and Central America form an American Empire, or super-state, similar to the European Union - Essay Example ree leaders, President Bush, Canadian Prime Minister Martin, and President Fox of Mexico conferred to deliberate upon bringing the North American countries as one. The leaders had agreed to settle for a condition in which both political and economic policies on security and antiterrorism would be integrated encompassing sectors as immigration, energy, transportation, and customs and to be complied with by the nations involved. Combining regulations to such extent might to some point yield the desired results however, since it would eventually expedite border crossing and facilitate an approach that favors ease in clearance of commodities and people at the continental level, one would not afford but imagine how it would give further allowance to entries beyond good cause. Once boundaries become freely movable, there would be huge probability toward illegal trade of goods as in smuggling, drug trafficking, and prostitution. Additionally, the common security perimeter would most likely induce elements that run counter to preservation of culture unique for each nation (Edwards). Super-state formation, on considering adoption of foreign policy, may entail threat to laws or acts made to protect both human health and environment. Just like the initial step by NAFTA, SPP has also targeted to modify certain regulations that enable corporations or private business firms to file charges against provincial and municipal governments. Later on, this would lessen the chance for environmentalists to express and defend their concerns since the new set of standards regard commercial motives more than environmental impact and would thus limit favor on establishing safety measures on humanitarian aspect. As it turns out, the union inhibits a sense of democracy especially when Amero becomes the new currency upon the mergence (Wells). The associated plan to establish a global transportation system is initially difficult to gauge given the complexity of the transportation

An Infants Innate Proximity Seeking Behaviour Psychology Essay

An Infants Innate Proximity Seeking Behaviour Psychology Essay Bowlbys classical attachment theory (1969/ 1982, 1973) is an ethological theory emphasising the regulatory functions of an infants innate proximity-seeking behaviours directed towards their primary caregiver. Fundamentally, it classifies the infant-caregiver relationship as the foundation of an infants future social development and further ability to form relationships. Bowlby believed that a childs attachment with its caregiver governs the development of internal working models (or mental representations) which the child subsequently applies to relationships with other people and in general, the social world. In turn he proposed that by determining the nature of an infants attachment with their caregiver (considered primarily to be the mother in this case), an infants future social behaviour patterns could be predicted i.e. certain attachment types would lead to certain behaviour types as a result of these internal working models (1973). Attachment types were formally assessed via t he Strange Situation experiment (Ainsworth et al. 1978), out of which three basic types were discerned: the secure and the insecure: anxious/ambivalent and insecure: avoidant. A fourth attachment style insecure: disorganised was later included, encompassing an insecure attachment style which couldnt reliably be characterised as either anxious or avoidant (Van Ijzendoorn et al.; 1999). Attachment theory is intrinsically relevant to psychoanalysis; being characterised as an attempt to update classical psychoanalysis (otherwise lacking empirical evidence; Kihlstrom, 1999), in light of advancements in evolutionary biology and cognition (Ainsworth et al. 1978, Schore Schore, 2008). Fonagy (***) has extensively outlined the commonalties of both; fundamentally, both theoretical perspectives class anxiety as engendered by loss and postulate a non-isomorphic relationship to exist between (mental) representations and their external referents whereby the former moreso reflect the psychic reality from which the latter are perceived. Related to this, Fonagy has likened the internal working models (IWM) of attachment theory to the mental representations (MR) of psychoanalysis, further distinguishing them by highlighting that the IWM are processed implicitly as opposed to explicitly (MR) and are stored in procedural as opposed to episodic memory (MR). Additionally, in both, personality development is conceived as most primarily a function of early social context, where infancy is a potent period of intense growth and the importance of the maternal figure is emphasised. The development of mentalisation (in Fonagys terms) which is akin to a theory of mind, or set of empathic-based processes is also key for growth in both. Finally, both Freud (1895) and Bowlby (1963) emphasised the role of early trauma in later vulnerability to psychopathology. While many are reticent in accepting the implications of attachment theory and the possible anti-therapeutic effects of the labelling ethos it subscribes to (***), its cogency is difficult to deny considering its wide base of empirical support and its enduring legacy. The latter point is fortified by the well-documented recent resurgence of classical attachment theory initiated by the rise of neuroscience (the decade of the brain) and its transformation into modern attachment theory (Slater, 2007) . Specifically, it can be said to underscore the advent of neuropsychoanalysis (a branch of interpersonal neurobiology; Siegal, 2001; Schore Schore, 2008); an assimilation of neuroscientific and psychoanalytic principles. With such links and terms thus established, the ensuing aim of this essay is to outline the modern re-conceptualisation of attachment theory, which draws on neuroscience and forges a link between psychoanalysis and mainstream science. The neurobiological components underlying attachment will be outlined and discussed in relation to affect regulation. The subtext of the essay will be the implicit relevance of psychoanalysis and its use for modern practice which contrapose condemnations of it as being theoretically dead (i.e. Kihlstrom, 1999). According to Whitehead (2006), psychoanalysis has undergone three major revolutions (currently in its third) since its inception, namely the Classical-Freudian, Post-Freudian and the third, currently wheeling, revolution characterised by a return to the project of mind-body integration which Freud abandoned. Indeed, while the likes of Freud eschewed neurological findings from theories of self and personality (vowing to stick with the psychological realm) a number of psychoanalytically minded researchers are reconciling the two to form a field of research coined neuropsychoanalysis (Schore, 2002), which implicitly underlines mind-body integration in accordance with psychoanalytic principles via appeal to attachment theory and neuroscience; undergoing periods of resurgence and dominance, respectively, as of late (Slater, 2007). The advent of neuropsychoanalysis has also coincided with a new appraisal of the problem regarding the interface between outer reality and the inner fantasy wor lds of the individual which Freud found problematic (Whitehead, 2006) reflected in the shift from one-person to two-person psychology (Pulver, 2001) arguably based on the advent and predominance of object relations theory propounded most evidently by Klein and Winnicott. The fundamental point of object relations was an emphasis on the role of interpersonal interactions in the development of personality and mind. The self psychology of Kohut (1957*) is in some ways an offshoot of object relations theory and engenders the most fertile and evident link between psychoanalysis and attachment theory; specifically considering that it has been taken as the basis for many explications of the neurophysiological underpinnings of the attachment process (i.e. Schore Schore, 2002; Shore, 2008; 1994). As explicated by Schore Schore (2002), Kohuts self-psychology concerns itself with four fundamental issues: 1) the emergence of self 2) the structuring of self 3) the genesis of psychopathology as a function of deficits in the structure of self and 4) the manifold manner in which psychotherapy may instigate change in the self. All of such issues have been addressed explicitly via modern attachment theory and its neurobiological underpinnings, the first three of which will be focussed on here. Most significantly, the other is required for the emergence of self (i.e. intersubjectivity engenders subjectivity). For Kohut coupling with the self-object (i.e. the primary caregiver) facilitates affect regulation and the establishment of internal homeostatic equilibrium which precedes (structuring of) burgeoning selfhood. This reflects the aforementioned two-person psychology which characterises the current revolution of psychoanalysis; most apparent in (modern) attachment theory which will subsequently be discussed in greater detail. The main aim of the first year of life is to form an attachment with the primary care-giver which will facilitate subsequent emergence of self and the optimal psychobiological development. To accommodate this is an innate, attachment behavioural system which manifests in a number of instinctual behaviours (or attachment strategies) undertaken by the infant in an attempt to form such an attachment (Siegal, 2001). The primary attachment strategy engaged in by the infant is proximity-seeking; in moments of distress or threat the infants seeks out the primary caregiver as a source of security and comfort (Mikulincer, Sahver and Pereg, 2003). Attachment is achieved, whilst proximate to the caregiver, via inter-subjective interactions (engagement) with the self-object (attachment figure) through affect-laden face to face interactions not strictly limited to visual stimulation (i.e. gaze episodes) but multi-modal (i.e. all senses implicated) emotional transactions. Evidencing the innate ca pacity to engage in such interactions are studies demonstrating infants as young as 12 days old imitating facial expressions (Eltzoff Moore, 1977) and making facial movements in response to communications from the mother expressions which, coupled with those of the mother, assist interpersonal contact and affect regulation (Trevarther, 1985). The sensitivity and responsiveness of the self-object are pivotal for optimal attachment sensitivity inheres that the self-object will recognise when engagement and affect regulation are required (i.e. in times of distress) while responsiveness entails a successful interpretation of social cues, regarding affect, as provided by the infant. The self-object, if sensitive and responsive, may facilitate the minimisation of negative affect and the increase of positive affect, that is, regulation of the infants affect-states a process which gradually become internalised by the infant (Schore Schore, 2008). This occurs as a function of appropriate, consistent responses to such social cues (affect synchrony) permitting the development of mechanisms of anticipation the infant learns of a correspondence between their own actions and the responses of others (and will begin to gauge just how their affects/experiences may be regulated). This in turn facilitates a self-other distinction to be made in which internal working models of the self and the self-object are constructed, engendering processes through which the infant may begin to modify their own behaviour in light of their dyadic interactions with the self-object. As I see it, these processes effectively pre-empt the emergence of subjective consciousness. Particularly, Lipton et al (1999) has associated the development of orbito-frontal systems at this time of development with the infants integration of past, present and future experiences; which permits anticipation of future states of self and reflection on past states. In phenomeno logical terms, this manifests as the emergence of temporality; one of the fundamental tenets and characterisations of intentionality (i.e. consciousness; Husserl, 1952). This may be considered the foundation of the self, corroborating with self-reflexivity (i.e. the establishment of an internal working model of the temporal self) which emerges at this time in line with the above assertions of Liptons. Indeed Slater (2007) has suggested that this marks the beginning of an internalisation of the attachment figure i.e. the accessing of IWM/ MR of the self-object facilitates anticipation of future events and their instantiation of affect regulation. More specifically, as will be discussed, the process of internalising the schematics produced via the dyadic relationship with the self-object become to be gradually subsumed under the rubric of self. That is, the constellation of beliefs structured around representations of self and other bear affect regulation strategies which are elicited in future times of distress. Should such beliefs reflect an unavailability or insufficiency of response from the self-object, secondary attachment strategies are cultivated which manifest attempts at affect regulation other than aforementioned proximity-seeking (Mikulincer et al. 2003). To explicate this point further, comprising the in-born attachment behavioural system (Mikulincer, Sahver and Pereg, 2003) are a number of dynamic processes which govern which set of attachment strategies will be engaged in. These processes comprise of the infants monitoring and appraisal of: a) events (deeming whether or not theyre threatening), b) the availability of the attachment figure and c) the viability of proximity seeking as a means of dealing with a possibly threatening situation. Should an event be appraised as threatening, the infant considers whether or not the attachment figure is available. If the attachment figure is deemed unavailable, secondary attachment strategies classed as deactivating are implemented (characterising the avoidant attachment style). If the attachment figure is deemed available but non-responsive or insufficient in their engagement (i.e. inefficient in their affect regulation), secondary strategies classed as hyper-activating are employed (consti tuting the anxious attachment style). Finally if they are appraised as available and responsive, proximity seeking behaviour is undertaken as already outlined and engagement takes place (secure attachment). According to Dozier and Lee (1995) corresponding to each specific attachment style is a schema for appraisal of ones own self-concept, whereby insecure attachments lead to distortions in such appraisals whilst secure attachments manifest as appraisals of self as worthy and lovable (Schore, 1994) . Namely the avoidant strategies instigate a denial of feelings of distress when they arise while those of the anxious category amplify such feelings. In line with this characterisation it might be suggested that such appraisals lead to re-enforcement of such schemas which consequently persist into later life. Indeed, the continuity of attachment styles, from infancy onwards, according to Mikulincer et al. (2003) is grounded in the inhibitory/excitatory network which accompanies the activation of attachment strategies. Specifically, implementation of hyper-activating strategies acts to increase sensitivity to later threatening event appraisal and evaluation of the availability of the attachment figure, whereby innocuous events are more likely to be deemed threatening and greater attempts to elicit responses from the attachment figure are made. The resultant state of hyperarousal (****) manifests in an over-zealous urgency to be close to the attachment figure. The deactivating strategies on the other hand desensitise the individual to appraising events as threatening and similarly decrease the likelihood of appraisals of the AF as being available. This manifests in a sort of dissociativeness (***); the individual disavows concern as to whether or not a figure is available from which they mi ght garner support and comfort. Due to previous frustration with the stress-response system, arising from it not being adequately handled, the avoidant infant acts to deactivate it altogether (Cassidy Kobak, 1988). Consistent with the neuropsychoanalytic approach; the neurobiological underpinnings of such a system are evident through appeal to the intense synaptic growth (neuron overproduction) experienced in the brain during early infancy (Siegal, 2001). Specifically during the earlier periods of infancy synaptic pruning occurs driven by environmental interaction. In a use it or lose it fashion those connections which are not implemented are pruned away under the guise that they are not needed in the current environment; those that are, are fortified, fine-tuned and maintained. As such it is considered that interpersonal experiences directly shape genetically driven unfolding of the human brain (p72, Siegal, 2001). In this manner it is readily conceivable as to how early interpersonal experiences shape cognitive and affective processes which consequently persist into later periods of life. Schore (1994) has localised processes underlying the attachment process further, namely implicating attachment in the development of the right-brain, the neurobiological core of human consciousness. According to Schore (2001), the right brain dominant in infancy- houses the developing limbic system and remains the hemisphere most dominant for stress response throughout life due to its links to the autonomic nervous system, which regulates the somatic aspects of stressor responses i.e. fight or flight. To this extent, engagement between the infant and caregiver is characterised by a coupling of the AFs right brain with the infants right brain the consequent transactions are non-verbal, affect laden and intrinsically informative of the shaping of the unconscious (Schore Schore, 2008). Psychoanalytic principles are thus represented insomuch that components of the right brain operate at a free-associative, non-verbal and unconscious level (indeed Schore has emphasised that psychotherapy implicitly involves a connecting of clients right brain to therapists right brain) and implicitly exerts influence, as will be outlined presently, on the processes of cognition (Schore Schore, 2008). Indeed, the right hemisphere has been involved in the storage of information pertaining to the emotional ties we have to certain experiences and events (Shuren Grafman, 2002). Accordingly, encountering familiar events leads to a recall of related non-verbal, non-conscious emotional content which further instigate specific reasoning processes which are implemented in the appraisal of such experiences. The link between affect and cognition is well documented and another field of research which modern attachment theory and neuropsychoanalysis forge a mutually-beneficial tie with (Robins Zacks**). Specifically, research from the field of affective cognitive neuroscience has shown that the neural circuits involved in cognition overlap and intertwine with those involved in affect (emotion) (****); as suggested by modern attachment theory. As such, taking this into consideration we can validly assert, through inference, the role attachment strategies/behaviours play on engendering particular patterns of cognition i.e. attachment effects (and affects) cognition (Mikulincer et al. 2003) . Studies by Mikulincer Sheffi (2000) and Pereg (2001) demonstrate, for example, that inducement of negative affect leads to a greater recall of positive thoughts amongst securely attached than those who are anxiously attached, who conversely recall significantly less positive cognitions and significantly greater negative thoughts indicating the amplification of negative affect input and its pervasive effects in the brain suffusing regions of working memory and cognition. Meanwhile, in both studies, cite the authors, those who were avoidant in their attachment styles demonstrated no particular differences in cognitive functioning as a result of positive or negative affect inducement; supporting the hypothesis that those of the avoidant category tend to dismiss and dissociate themselves from sources of distress. To further propound these points, Gillath et al (2005) found that attachment-related anxiety positively correlated with the activation of emotion-implicated areas of the brain and inversely correlated with the activation of areas involved in affect regulation (i.e. the orbito-frontal cortex); paralleling ties between anxious attachment and distress amplification/affect dysregulation (Dozier and Lee, 1995). Furthermore, coinciding with Schores (2002) emphasis on the right brain as centre of self and regulatory/ stress response systems, affective disorders such as depression and dysthymic personality traits have links with the right hemisphere of the brain. Liotti Tucker (1992) for example document that depression interferes with the functions of right hemisphere activity by influencing its arousal mechanisms. Related to this point, a plethora of studies support both Freud and Bowlbys assertions that early insecure attachments increase vulnerability to later psychopathology; specifically whereas the internalisation of affect-regulation schematics conducive to minimisation and manageability of distress occurs in secure attachment, a later to resilience to stressors is observed. Insecure attachments, however, with their accompanying internalised distortion of self-concept and detrimental (under/over) appraisal of threatening events and the disproportioning of the availability of support, lead to a documented increased vulnerability to psychopathology (Schore, 2004*). Indeed, if we consider attachment theory as a theory of affect regulation and affective disorders such as depression as forms of affect dysregulation (Sroufe Waters, 1977) a link between both (attachment styles and psychopathological vulnerability) seems readily tenable. Forbes Dahl (2005), for example, suggest that depression instead of a disorder in which there is an abnormal increase in negative affect; rather is a disorder reflected in the diminished activation of positive affect systems and motivation. This aligns with definitions of its major syndromal-features i.e. anhedonia (diminished capacity for enjoyment), fatigue (diminished motivation) and social withdrawal (diminished enthusiasm). As such we might infer that strategies for minimising negative affect and increasing positive affect (established in infancy) are inefficient in some way. The authors cite many examples of studies which espouse this consideration; for example, adults with MDD have shown diminished response to positive stimuli; in some instances evincing similar responses as if it were aversive. Furthermore, depressive adults have demonstrated lower expectancy of positive events in their futures. Additionally, studies have shown how adults with anxious attachment (hyperactivation strategies); more readily access painful memories, while demonstrating exaggerated appraisal of negative events and are subsequently more vulnerable to depression (Mikulincer and Orbach, 1995). While many may criticise attachment theory as being highly pessimistic derogating the possibilities for a child who happens to present with an insecure attachment style to have a positive future free from psychopathological vulnerability, it is fair to say that it wasnt the intent of Bowlby to delineate such a deterministic perspective. Indeed, as Siegal (2001) points out, the brain is plastic throughout the lifespan and as such attachment capacities can change. Furthermore, positive social factors such as prevailing support of peers may act to alter and/or loosen implicit secondary attachment strategies. Wu (2010) for example has cited that self esteem mediates the relationship between self-concept appraisal and attachment style, therefore social factors which bolster self-esteem might be seen as re-adjusting self-appraisal thereby breaking the re-enforcing patterns of negative self-perception. In addition, while many have emphasised the maternal role in the development of such att achment patterns, others have advised that the infant can develop different attachment styles in accordance to their interactions with different people (Siegal, 2001); as such there are a number of mediating factors which imply that early insecure attachment status to one figure isnt as condemning as oft considered. To conclude: this essay has outlined how classical attachment theory, rooted in psychoanalysis, has been transformed into modern attachment theory coinciding with the recent advent of neuropsychoanalysis; that is, a branch of neuroscience dealing with the interpersonal facilitations of neurobiological development, as advocated by object relations theory and self psychology which are themselves rooted in psychoanalysis. This third revolution of psychoanalysis heralds a return to the problems once confronted by Freud namely the mind/body separation and the interface between inner and external realities, and with attempts to resolve them comes a greater alliance between psychoanalysis and mainstream science. Modern attachment theory as framework for many studies in affect (dys-)regulation have furthermore supported earlier postulations of Bowlbys and Freuds that earlier abnormal development and trauma may predict later vulnerability to psychopathology.

Inner Conflict in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesman essays

Inner Conflict in Death of a Salesman The main conflict in Death of a Salesman deals with the confusion and frustration of Willy Lowman. These feelings are caused by his inability to face the realities of modern society. Willy's most prominent delusion is that success is dependant upon popularity and having personal attractiveness. Willy builds his entire life around this idea and teaches it to his children. When Willy was young, he had met a man named Dave Singleman who was so well-liked that he was able to make a living simply by staying in his hotel room and telephoning buyers. When Dave Singleman died, buyers and salesmen from all over the country came to his funeral. This is what Willy has been trying to emulate his entire life. Willy's need to feel well-liked is so strong that he often makes up lies about his popularity and success. At times, Willy even believes these lies himself. At one point in the play, Willy tells his family of how well-liked he is in all of his towns and how vital he is to New England. Later, however, he tells Linda that no one remembers him and that the people laugh at him behind his back. As this demonstrates, Willy's need to feel well-liked also causes him to become intensely paranoid. When his son, Biff, for example, is trying to explain why he cannot become successful, Willy believes that Biff is just trying to spite him. Unfortunately, Willy never reali zes that his values are flawed. As Biff points out at the end of the play, "he had the wrong dreams." In many ways Biff is similar to his father. In the beginning of the play we see that Biff shares many of the same ideas as Willy. He values being well-liked above everything else and sees little value in being smart or honest. One of ... ...ually loves him. Death of a Salesman deals with the frustration of Willy Lowman and his inability to face the realities of modern society. Willy believes that success is dependant upon popularity and having personal attractiveness. Willy builds his entire life around this idea and teaches it to his children. He learns to late that he has built his life around an illusion. Â   Works Consulted Eisinger, Chester E. "Focus on Arthur Miller's 'Death of a Salesman': The Wrong Dreams," in American Dreams, American Nightmares, (1970 rpt In clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1976 vol. 6:331 Foster, Richard J. (Confusion and Tragedy: The Failure of Miller's 'Salesman' (1959) rpt in clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1983 vol. 26:316 Gardner, R. H. "Tragedy of the Lowest Man," in his Splintered Stage: (1965) rpt in clc. Detroit: Gale Research. 1983 vol. 2l6:320 Â  

Sample Accountable Plan

It is the policy of the company to reimburse any officer or employee for company expenses paid for by such individuals from their own personal funds on the Company’s behalf, in the pursuit of company business. It is the intent of this resolution to satisfy the Accountable Plan requirements under Internal Revenue Code Section 61(c) and the substantiation requirements under Internal Revenue Code Section 274(d). Moreover, Section 1. 2-2(c)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that a reimbursement or other expense allowance arrangement for business expenses paid or incurred by an employee are paid under an accountable plan if the arrangement meets the three requirements of a business connection, substantiation, and returning amounts in excess of expenses. Therefore, all reimbursements will follow these simple guidelines: 1) All individuals seeking reimbursement shall substantiate the expense by providing proof of payment in the form of an invoice to the company prior to any r eimbursement. Accordingly, employees are required to submit detailed expense reports describing each element of an expenditure with the necessary receipts within 30 days of returning from a business trip or incurring an entertainment expense but no later than 60 days after it is paid or incurred. 2) All expenses must be determined to have a direct business connection relating to the operations of the Company, personal expenses will not be reimbursed. Personal expenses if reimbursed will be treated as W-2 wages to the employee. ) All reimbursements by the Corporation shall be made for the expended amounts, pursuant to substantiated business expenses approved from employee expense reports or the proper invoices being submitted by the individual employee seeking reimbursement. The reimbursement relating to travel and entertainment expenses requires employees to describe each expense, the business purpose it served, and, for entertainment expenses, the names and business relationship of the persons entertained in addition to the date of, place of, duration of, and participants in any business discussion that occurred directly before or after the entertainment. ) Reimbursements may be made prior to and in anticipation of the individual incurring the expense out of personal funds, however, upon incurring such expense, the individual will produce the invoice related to such expense and reimburse the company for any excess funds paid exceeding the invoice amount. In cases where the reimbursement of the excess funds is not paid back to the Company, the excess will be reported as W-2 wages pursuant to Section 1. 62-2(c)(3) of the Income Tax Regulations for that individual at the end of the accounting period.

Policies that Favor Interests of Central Canada

Policies that Favor Interests of Central Canada Are they necessary for nation building? Central Canada consists of Canada’s two most populous provinces, namely: Ontario and Quebec. It is the high population that gives Central Canada political leverage, which has often led to discomfort by other provinces.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Policies that Favor Interests of Central Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The policies favoring the interests of Central Canada are detrimental to the building of the nation, since they have only used the policies to their own advantage. With regards to trade tariffs that were negotiated with the U.S., Central Canada used the tariff to its advantage by making other provinces appear as their trading partners and not giving them an opportunity to trade with competitive partners. Policies that have favored the interest of the populations of Central Canada have often led to conflict from the Western, Atlantic and Eas tern provinces. Some policies like the procurement policies have made the population of Central Canada to treat other provinces as colonies. There have also been complains by the Prairie Provinces, which are resource-rich that they have been under exploitation by the national government which mainly serves the interests of the Central Canada region. National policies of Canada reflect the interests of Central Canada, and it has enabled the region to be the industrial centre of Canada. This is a reflection that the policies serving the interests of Central Canada do not foster nation-building and, instead they perpetuate regional alienations, resentment and conflicts (1). Canadians Regionally or nationally oriented? Canada is regionally oriented; it is often understood as a nation of nations due to its two main demographic distinct divisions: English Canada and French Canada which is the Quebec province. In this regard, the Canadian country is founded on compromise and cooperation be tween the two sections of the population. The region of Quebec, for example, has a distinct cultural identity. The Canadian communities are located in different regions based on their language, culture, religion and politics. These communities live in isolation with different aspirations and views of Canadian history as a nation.Advertising Looking for assessment on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The antagonism between the two nations in Canada has threatened the existence of Canadian nationhood. Canada is divided into four provinces or regions with their autonomy to define their legislative agenda, which is an indication of regionalism. The existence of two cultures is a clear illustration of regionalism. Quebec, for example, is home to a unique and independent subculture with its autonomy regarding legal, education or institutional system. The conflicts often witnessed in Canada are as a result of regional differences and national identity. On electoral matters, voting takes the form of regionalism and ethnicity. There is also the existence of regionally based political parties and hence regionalism affects the behavior of national politics (2). Albertans Are they right to upset National Energy Policy? The main energy policy of Canadian government is the energy policy program, and it was introduced during the high-energy crisis in 1970s. The National Energy Program is mandated to ensure security of supply, equal opportunities for the Canadians to participate in the energy industry and to guarantee fairness in pricing. It is argued that Alberta has lost a lot of revenue following the coming into force of National Energy Program. The province of Alberta is a major producer of electricity. Many decisions by the Albertans are designed at expanding and maximization of energy resources, which require federal government’s cooperation. There have been agitations by oppositi on parties for energy policies that are aimed at benefiting Central Canada while penalizing the Albertans. The National Energy Policy can only gain legitimacy and leverage if Albertans are included in its formulation since it is the leader in production of energy resources (3). References Weaver, K. The Collapse of Canada? Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press; 1992. Leuprecht, C. Essential Readings in Canadian Constitutional Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2011. Energize. Energize Alberta Features. Energizer Alberta; 2011 [updated 2011; cited on 17 Nov. 2011]. Web.

The Disadvantages of Homeschooling Essay Essays

The Disadvantages of Homeschooling Essay Essays The Disadvantages of Homeschooling Essay Paper The Disadvantages of Homeschooling Essay Paper Homeschooling is when pupils are educated at place by parents or coachs instead than go toing public or private school. Many parents home school their kids to maintain them sheltered from the environment and the universe. I believe homeschooling should merely be an option in utmost state of affairss because there are legion disadvantages. The three major disadvantages are the deficiency of resources. the deficiency of forbearance from parents. and the deficiency of socialisation with equals. Students that are homeschooled are non needfully entitled to the resources that pupils go toing public or private school may hold. An article titled â€Å"The Advantages and Disadvantages of Homeschooling† provinces. â€Å"The theory is that schools will hold better books. and the instructors will hold a better instruction than the parent does. and it could function as a disadvantage if the parent is non ready and willing to be the go-to individual for everything. † Teachers. bibliothecs. pupils. and text editions are all considered resources. and most place schooled pupils do non hold handiness to this battalion of resources. This could go a job with the child’s acquisition. I believe it is more effectual if pupils can utilize their equals and other people to better understand what is being taught. and if homeschoolers are being taught by the same individual that is restricting them to one position. Parents besides have to come out of pocket for most of the stuf fs needed for their kid to larn. The cost of these points can besides go a load for the household of a kid that is homeschooled. Parents that take on the function as their child’s teacher have to be really patient. Students are easy discouraged when he or she can non get the hang a topic or a specific lesson in school. As a instructor. the parent has to be certain that they do non go defeated because they have to make full their function as the instructor. The article â€Å"The Advantages and Disadvantages of Homeschooling† provinces. â€Å"It is of import that you are able to divide at times the function of parent and instructor. because you will hold to be at that place for your kid in a different mode in times like these. † The major disadvantage is the student’s deficiency of socialisation with equals. Students that are homeschooled should non be wholly separated from society. They should still interact with other childs in their environment ; they should be involved in athleticss and other extracurricular activities. Harmonizing to the article â€Å"The Advantages and Disadvantages of Homeschooling† . â€Å"An inability to socialise good. shyness that comes with non being around other childs and the inclination to work better as an person. instead than in a squad root from this deficiency of association. † Parents who choose to home school their kids to maintain them off from bad influences. are really impeding them from larning how the existent universe truly is. Attending public school will supply acquisition experiences for pupils. which is better than them being ‘told’ about the universe.

Collectivism in the Arab culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Collectivism in the Arab culture - Essay Example Comparison of Arab and Japanese culture with American culture The Arab culture is predominantly controlled by Islamic influences, Muslims comprising more than 90 per cent of the Arab population. Businesses close at the time of prayers, and there is no room for non-Islamic principles of business like investment on interest. Women have not been allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia for a long time. Workplace is extremely sensitive to gender. American culture is democratic without the domination of one religion. Business norms are established according to market’s interests instead of religious teachings. Women are as involved in the work as are men, and there is liberty of expression. Japanese society is homogenous like the Arabic societies whereas American society is heterogeneous. Arabic society is divided between the rich and the poor. The middle class is non-existent in the Arabic culture whereas most of the population in both Japanese and American societies belongs to middle cla ss. In addition, business norms in Japan are similar to those in America. Hence, of the Arab and Japanese culture, the latter is closer to the culture of America.

Hange of effects of warfare on combatants due to new technological Essay

Hange of effects of warfare on combatants due to new technological advancements since Second Industrial revolution - Essay Example These changes are multidimensional and complicated. Most of the ideas and opinions have been propounded by the means of an example-based approach. Dependable sources for reference purpose have bee carefully selected and utilized. Research Question How have the effects of warfare on combatants changed as a result of new technologies of warfare since the Second Industrial Revolution (c. 1850)? Thesis Statement The changes in the effects of warfare on the combatants due to the utilization of post Second Industrial Revolution weapons technology have made them more impersonal, lethal, cruel, and confident. Armed Conflict Becomes More Impersonal and Lethal The effect: Since the Second Industrial Revolution warfare has become increasingly dependent on technology. This dependence has caused armed conflict to become progressively more impersonal and lethal. Discussion: The modification in the nature of armed conflicts is due to the fact that the combatants are becoming more impervious and als o they are lethally very much enabled. In the ancient and medieval ages, combatants used to fight each other in battlefields that generally did not cover the civilian areas. One-to-one battles were not unknown between the warriors and that used to be a matter of glory. Weapons like swords and spears could kill only one combatant at a time. But mass killing by using incendiary bombing, as had been seen in Germany and Japan, testify the fact that the new technologies have made the combatants extremely lethal (Grossman, 1995). Before the Second Industrial Revolution, a warrior has a glorious appeal. He/ she could be a crusader, a protector, or a savior. This appealing warlike personality cult motivated the youth during the post Second Industrial Revolution wars as well. The World War I is a good example of this. But with the advent of new technologies, the appeal of valor culminated at dangerous impersonal missions (Dennis, 2001). According to Smith (1983), â€Å"The introduction of t he gun will serve in the future to make war more rational and less the product of purely personal enmity.† In ancient warfare, we find personalities like Hector and Achilles who fought for personal glory. However, generals like Trotsky led the masses for almost completely impersonal movements. Rapid fire and faster and widespread communication actually impersonalized warfare (American Political Science Association, 1983). As for lethality once again, World War I provides a good example. Infamous chemical warfare during this period had made the ground reality similar to â€Å"Dying like so many rats in a trap† (Cook, 2002: 47). Such situation never came up in the wars of the ancient civilizations. Increased Cruelty The Effect: Second Industrial Revolution has begot such war techniques that cannot be limited among the combatants only. In modern warfare, the degree of civilian casualty is very high and this fact testifies for the increased cruelty of the combatants. Discus sion: Atrocities committed by the ancient and medieval combatants were less terrific and had lower psychological effect. In technology-based modern warfare, things are different; especially, psychological effects are too profound. Siege warfare is an important sub-discipline in this regard. During the siege of the cities in the pre 1850 environment, less prominent terror techniques were generally used. Examples of medieval siege warfare like the Siege of Calais (France) by British forces show that human values prevailed to at least some extent in the war. Although siege of Peking by the